Queens Park Rangers' Anton Ferdinand, left, is marked by Chelsea's John Terry as Chelsea defend a corner during their English Premier League soccer match at Loftus Road stadium, London. (AP)
Queens Park Rangers' Anton Ferdinand, left, is marked by Chelsea's John Terry as Chelsea defend a corner during their English Premier League soccer match at Loftus Road stadium, London. (AP)

This photo is not directly related to the story. (AP)

Whether a football player is penalized for a post-touchdown celebration may depend on whether he is black or white, a Northwestern University study suggests.

Doctoral candidate Erika V. Hall and Professor Robert Livingston at the university‘s Kellogg School of Management first found that although 65 percent of NFL players are black, 92 percent of all unsportsmanlike conduct penalties, which include excessive post-scoring antics, during the 2010-11 season were called against black players.

The researchers then delved into the potential causal relationship between race and penalty by conducting experiments in which fictional black and white wide receivers made an incredible touchdown, and either celebrated or not. Study participants were then asked to rate arrogance and how much of a financial bonus each player should receive.

The researchers found players who celebrated after a touchdown were seen as equally arrogant, regardless of whether they were black or white, but study participants’ compensation recommendations varied significantly.

When the white player celebrated, his compensation recommendations were relatively unchanged from those he received when he didn‘t celebrate. When the black player celebrated, his bonus recommendations dropped 21 percent compared to when he did not celebrate.

If the players did not celebrate both were rewarded.

“The study shows acts of cockiness or self-promotion are more acceptable when a member of a high-status group performs it than when one of a low-status group does,” Livingston said. “In previous studies, we find that displaying humility and docility resulted in a higher success rate for black CEOs [chief executive officers], while it actually lowered the success rate of white CEOs who were most successful when they displayed arrogance or cockiness.”

Hall and Livingston’s research suggests that since black people have been viewed historically as a low-status group, expressing confidence and arrogance -- traits that are characteristic of high-status group members -- will often result in much harsher judgment and severe penalty as compared to whites.

“The current results provide robust evidence of a ‘hubris penalty’ against black athletes, but no such penalty for the same behavior from white athletes,” the authors write. “Consistent with prior literature, these results confirm that the acceptability of an act will depend, not only on how positive or negative the behavior is, but also on who is performing it.”

The study results are published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. (UPI)

<관련 한글 기사>

인종차별 판정시비, 과학적 근거 있다! 운동선수가 득점 후 세리머니로 한 행동에 따라 경고를 받는가의 여부가 인종에 따라 달라진다는 미국 연구결과가 나왔다.

켈로그 경영대학원 연구원 에리카 홀과 로버트 리빙스턴 교수는 미국 미식축구리그 NFL 선수들의 65퍼센트가 흑인이며 이 선수들이 행한 스포츠맨십에 어긋나는 행동들의 92퍼센트가 경고로 이어 졌는데 이 가운데 상당수는 득점 후 세리머니의 기이한 행동으로 인한 것었다고 밝혔다.

이에 연구진은 인종과 스포츠 경기에서의 경고 사이의 잠재적 인과관계를 규명하기 위해 백인과 흑인 선수가 멋진 터치다운을 통해 득점에 성공했다는 가상의 상황을 설정하고 실험을 했다. 실험 참가자들은 이들의 세리머니를 본 후 이 행동의 오만함 정도와, 어느 정도의 금전적 인센티브를 지급받아야 할지 등에 관한 질문을 받았다.

인종과 무관하게 모두 오만한 행동을 한 사례들을 연구진이 선정했음에도 불구하고 실험 참가자들의 평가는 대상의 인종에 따라 크게 다르게 나타났다. 참가자들은 동일한 수준의 자극적 세리머니를 한 경우라도 흑인 선수들이 백인 선수들에 비해 더 큰 정도의 인센티브 감액을 받아야 한다고 답변했다.

리빙스턴 교수는 연구에 대해, 오만한 행동이나 자기과시는 사회를 주도하는 그룹의 일원이 했을 때 더 잘 받아들여지는 경향이 있다고 설명했다.

이 연구는 흑인들이 역사적으로 낮은 지위를 지녔었기 때문에 자신감이나 오만함을 표출하는, 즉 일반적으로 높은 사회적 지위를 가진 계층의 특권적 행동으로 여겨진 이러한 모습을 보일 때 더 가혹한 판정이나 처벌을 받게 된다는 것을 보여주고 있다. (코리아헤럴드)


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