Last year, American historian Walter Russell Mead identified the following traits of the current American and global discomfort: “ineffective politicians, frequent scandals, racial backsliding, polarized and irresponsible news media, populists spouting quack economic remedies, growing suspicion of elites and experts, frightening outbreaks of violence, major job losses, high-profile terrorist attacks, anti-immigrant agitation, declining social mobility, giant corporations dominating the economy, rising inequality, and the appearance of a new class of super-empowered billionaires in finance and technology-heavy industries.”
However akin to present-day conditions, he was actually describing the 35 years (1865-1901) after the American civil war, when the US emerged to become the major challenger to the British empire. It took another 45 years, at the end of the World War II, to realize Pax Americana, confirming the US as the dominant global military, economic and political power.
But having acquired global power, what was the strategy going forward? The neoliberal order was the strategy to bring the New Deal of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the world. Use Keynesian spending to revive the global economy, win friends and convert them to Pax Americana.
The spread of American culture of global consumerism was a promise of five freedoms --freedom of speech, freedom to vote, freedom of trade, capital and migration. This was a convincing American dream, that every individual could have all he wants under Pax Americana. Consumption in excess of income must be funded by debt. As America remains a major food producer to the world and then a provider of global public goods, the rest of the world pays for the nuclear umbrella and support free trade and ideas of more freedoms under the multilateral system, through the holding of more US debt.
This is why the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference was crucial in shaping the current global financial architecture. As we know, the US rejected the multinational currency system using Bancor as proposed by Keynes, in favor of the current architecture, centered on the dollar. Pax Americana is funded by the central position of the US dollar, which allows the US to run deficits unsustainable for any other country.
The subtle but crucial difference between the Keynesian proposal and what we have today is that the US adopted a unipolar multilateral model, in which the US had the final say on the global military, political and financial architecture. As Professor Drezner stated succinctly in the latest issue of Foreign Policy magazine, “having global rules of the game benefits everyone, but the content of these rules benefited the United States in particular.”
As US-Belgian economist Triffin recognized in the 1970s, the US could run trade deficits through an “exorbitant privilege,” because the rest of the world, which was growing faster than the US, needed more global monetary liquidity and dollars as a store of value.
But all this changed with the global financial crisis of 2007, when the anchor of the international financial system, essentially the US, European (including the UK) financial system was found to be endogenously unstable. Even though the US feared the loss of monetary sovereignty because growing US debt was held by the Chinese and other surplus economies, the GFC revealed the reverse. It was the Fed’s ability to conduct quantitative easing, including the provision of dollar swaps to American allies, plus the willingness to run very large fiscal deficits, that restored American stability and eased global liquidity.
The Europeans bungled their crisis by using quantitative easing but did not resolve their internal debt imbalances by creating a unitary fiscal system that would have eased Southern European debt. The Chinese overshot their stimulus package through excessive debt creation.
As a result, instead of a 10-year cycle of financial crisis, we ended up with a political crisis where the middle class swung to populist ideas both on the right and left, a polarized world divided by insecure identities of who we are and where do we go next. They are fed up with the neoliberal promises of freedom, where in practice the 0.1 percent increasingly control the levers of income, wealth and power.
Beyond the noise of excessive chaos, one signal is becoming increasingly clear. Pax Americana is changing because the no-longer unipolar power is rethinking its global and national game. One major reason is because the White House acts transactionally like the classic American businessman who operates on a quarterly reporting basis, whereas the long-term grand strategy of a stable world run by a strong and stable America has lost its shelf-life.
In other words, contrary to stated policy of pivoting to the east, America first pivoted outward to Europe, then got stuck in the Middle East, and struggles to pivot East. Actually, America is pivoting inward to what it really wants.
The current bilateral trade negotiations to solve its trade deficits and asking allies to pay more for defense spending all signal that the United States finds its global burden is getting too heavy to bear. It cannot continue to spend another $7 trillion in the Middle East with no end-game in sight, other than another loss like the Vietnam War. It needs to spend more at home to deal with fraying infrastructure, improved medical care and welfare to deal with growing inequalities. And its needs to face up to the looming global warming crisis, of which its carbon emissions are one big driver.
The Pax Americana crisis is not global, it starts at home.
The recently published Mueller Report and the controversies regarding what to do with it reveals that democracy has so far been all about all checks and no balance. This creates a situation where the executive wants less checks in order to change the balance of power internally. In other words, the rest of the world recognizes the emergence of autocratic leadership in Washington that is being practiced almost normally elsewhere.
The crisis of Pax Americana has historical echoes in Pax Romana. When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon river in 49 BC to establish control over squabbling politics in Rome, the Roman Republic was changed forever.
This is not to say that Pax Americana will not persist for decades to come, but its character is changing radically. The rest of the world may have to shift from a receiver of global public goods to having to pay for such services.
From Pax to tax, that’s the global dilemma.
Andrew ShengAndrew Sheng writes on global issues from an Asian perspective. -- Ed.
(Asia News Network)
