BRUSSELS (AFP) ― The European Union launched a probe Wednesday into sweetheart tax deals negotiated by Apple, Starbucks and Fiat with three member states.

The investigation will attempt to determine whether such arrangements offered by Ireland, Netherlands and Luxembourg give the companies an unfair competitive advantage and thus amount to illegal state aid.

“In the current context of tight public budgets, it is particularly important that large multinationals pay their fair share of taxes,” EU Competition Commissioner Joaquin Almunia said.

Apple and Starbucks ― as well as a number of other multi-national companies including Amazon and Google ― have come under intense pressure from politicians and campaigners over their tax dealings.

Critics and opponents say the deals allow the companies to move billions in earnings from higher-taxed countries to lower taxed ones, minimizing their payments.

The probes are far-ranging, including a deeper look into so-called “tax rulings,” where a company negotiates a tax arrangement before choosing where to domicile their activities.

“We have reasons to believe that in these specific cases the national authorities have renounced to tax part of these profits,” Almunia said.

The investigation will also focus on the use of transfer pricing, an accounting technique where units of a multinational pay royalties to another unit of their business.

The mechanism ― made possible by carefully crafted tax laws in Ireland, Netherlands and Luxembourg ― allow operations in higher-taxed countries to post losses, meaning they do not have to pay any tax, while profits are moved elsewhere.

Almunia said the various arrangements under scrutiny could amount to illegal state aid that discriminated against other member states.

“Under the EU’s state aid rules, national authorities cannot take measures allowing certain companies to pay less tax than they should if the tax rules of the Member State were applied in a fair and non-discriminatory way,” Almunia said.

California iPad maker Apple has shifted billions in international earnings through Ireland using such loopholes but Dublin insisted it had not breached EU rules.

“Ireland is confident that there is no state aid rule breach in this case and we will defend all aspects vigorously,” a government spokesman said.

The probe is a sensitive one for Ireland, which has faced widespread criticism for providing loopholes and benefits to corporations, such as Apple and Amazon, looking to save on tax.

With a political storm brewing, Ireland last year closed a loophole used by Apple, but Dublin still firmly defends its low 12.5 percent corporate tax rate.