Beijing is scrubbing up. Late last week, the central bank excluded so-called clean coal from a draft list of projects eligible for green bonds. It’s a significant move that puts the world’s No. 2 issuer on the path toward consistency with international norms, making it easier to attract the foreign capital required to finance hundreds of billions of dollars of environmental fixes. The next logical step will be to tackle what companies are allowed to do with the cash they raise. So-called transition bonds that aim to help sellers switch to a cleaner way of doing business could help soften the blow.
The world’s top emitter of carbon dioxide has been something of a trailblazer in environmental finance. From its first green bond in 2015, it jumped to well over $50 billion issued in 2019, up by a third from the previous year, according to a soon-to-be-released report from Climate Bonds Initiative, a UK-headquartered nonprofit. Yet only a portion of that sum met international standards. In 2018, CBI excluded about a quarter of the total for failing to align with those rules. The compliant percentage has shrunk, to closer to $30 billion last year, according to both CBI and BloombergNEF -- in part because of an increase in nonfinancial issuers.
If confirmed after public consultation, the list tackles the most glaring discrepancy with global standards: a permissive stance on fossil fuels. Until now, more efficient coal-fired power projects might qualify, say, or an oil refiner improving its energy efficiency. The importance of the move goes beyond that, though, given Beijing’s top-down approach to going green.
China has chosen to signal that it can align fragmented regulatory standards and, after months of discussions, has brought the whole structure closer to international rules. It has made the reduction of greenhouse gases a priority, above simply tackling air pollution. This is especially true if the rules make it harder for China to fund coal projects overseas.
Importantly, officials have done all of this as climate finance moves forward, with the European Union standardizing its own definition of green, and when China’s own bond market is already opening up. That increases the potential reward.
It matters that the harmonization can go both ways, given Beijing’s record of innovation. The People’s Bank of China was one of the first central banks to allow green bonds as collateral, and has been a pioneer when it comes to reporting requirements.
Reducing discrepancies will, at a basic level, cut the cost for foreign investors wanting to put capital into China’s onshore green offerings, because it obviates the need for extra checks to ensure there is no hidden ugly stuff. And that matters, for a domestic bond market that remains relatively unexplored by outsiders, and insufficiently deep to wean the country off bank lending. It matters more in a post-pandemic recovery, when green issuance is faltering.
It also suggests the next step in seeking further alignment will be tackling the use of proceeds. The National Development and Reform Commission allows state-owned enterprises issuing green bonds to use up to half for general working capital. The more accepted limit for nongreen activities is usually 5 percent. Yet Mervyn Tang, global head of ESG research, sustainable finance, at Fitch Ratings, points out that shift will be less challenging than the tussle over what makes the list at all. After all, companies targeting overseas investors will align spending plans with international thresholds even without explicit changes.
Certainly, there are pricing incentives to do so, and to accept even tighter rules, like increased verification and tougher assessment of actual impact. Chinese green bonds had an average coupon rate 15 basis points lower than regular offerings in 2019.
The only question is what happens, as will increasingly be the case, when it isn’t possible to move straight from brown to green. Or when brown is no longer just discouraged, but penalized. One way to keep moving in a climate-friendly direction without turning off the taps -- or, worse, encouraging inertia -- may be to consider a role for transition bonds, as issued by France’s Credit Agricole SA late last year. The bank raised 100 million euros ($112 million) to be used for loans to companies that are making the shift. Purists will recoil, but with the cost of China’s environmental overhaul adding up, the perfect can’t be the enemy of the good.
Clara Ferreira MarquesClara Ferreira Marques is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering commodities and environmental, social and governance issues. -- Ed.
(Bloomberg)